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November 21, 2024
From Clay to PEX: The Evolution of Water Pipes
Plumbing systems, whether primitive or modern, have always been crucial in town planning. Each system reflects unique designs and materials, chosen based on geographic location and environmental conditions.
Historical developments
Babylonia is believed to have used baked clay pipes as early as 4000 BC. Over time, terracotta pipes were used from 3200-1100 BC. The Harappa civilization also employed terracotta pipes to extend water access from forests to living areas around 2500-1700 BC. Egyptians were among the first to use copper pipes for water distribution around 2150 BC, followed by the Romans. Some ancient design principles are still practiced in remote areas today.1
19th Century to Modern Innovations
By the early 19th century, copper piping dominated indoor water systems. However, the World Wars created a metal shortage, leading the plumbing industry to explore alternatives such as plastics. Materials like Polyethylene (PE), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polypropylene (PP), and un-Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) began to be used. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC), a cost-effective alternative, gained popularity in various applications due to its corrosion resistance and ease of installation.
Advancements in Pipe Manufacturing
With advancements in fluid dynamics, the behaviour of liquids can now be predicted more accurately. Factors such as pipe size, surface finish, material properties, inclination, temperature, and pressure affect fluid flow. Since the 1900s, pipe manufacturing techniques have evolved significantly, leading to the development of new and improved methods.
In the 1960s, Europe introduced Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX), which became a versatile material for various applications. PEX is a flexible, high-pressure polymer pipe that can sustain high temperatures for extended periods. Its ability to bend easily allows it to fit into tight spaces, such as ceilings and walls, where rigid pipes might be impractical. PEX quickly became a preferred choice for modern plumbing systems due to its flexibility and performance.
Why to seek alternatives?
Copper arc1
Despite copper’s durability, longevity (over 50 years), anti-corrosion, and anti-microbial properties, it is expensive and requires labour-intensive joining methods. Plastic piping emerged as a more affordable and flexible alternative, offering simpler fittings and joining methods while being lighter overall.
Plastic arc
Plastic piping is widely used in water and sanitary systems due to its ability to handle temperatures up to 200°F (93°C), sufficient for most hot water applications. CPVC is lighter than metal pipes, making it easier to handle and install.
Flexible plastic arc2
Traditional joining methods, such as flanges, socket welding, compression joints, hot air welding, fusion welding, or solvent cement processes, can be complex. PEX simplifies this with its roll form, which facilitates easier transportation and bulk production. Available in diameters of ½ inch and ¾ inch, PEX pipes are easier to cut and join.
Comparing Copper, CPVC, and PEX3,4
Copper, CPVC, and PEX each offer distinct advantages. Copper remains a reliable choice due to its durability and long history, despite its higher cost and complex installation. CPVC is a cost-effective and easy-to-install option with good corrosion resistance, though it may have limitations with extreme temperatures and UV exposure. PEX stands out for its flexibility, freeze resistance, and affordability, making it popular in modern plumbing systems. However, it requires careful consideration of temperature and UV exposure.
Code Compliance
Note: Only few codes are mentioned for each type, refer to AHJ’s reference materials for compliance required for specific region.
Conclusion
Selecting materials for plumbing can be challenging because of the wide range of options available and the need to comply with building codes.
When making decisions, it’s important to consider the advantages of each material, the specific needs of the project, and the differences between manufacturers.
It is crucial to carefully think through material selection for the successful design and construction of plumbing systems.
In addition to references, few manufacturers are mentioned for Copper, CPVC and PEX piping and their joining methods.
1. Skillcat, History of plumbing systems https://www.skillcatapp.com/post/
2. ElectronicHub, PEX piping https://www.electronicshub.org/
3. Top line industries, Plumbing materials and fittings https://toplineindustries.in/
4. Uponor, piping https://www.uponor.com/en-us
5. Corzon, material and piping solutions https://www.corzan.com/en-us/
6. Professional plastics, Inc https://www.professionalplastics.com/
7. FlowGuard Plus, CPVC joining methods https://www.flowguard.com/en-in/
8. Mygeorgiaplumber, CPVC vs PEX https://www.mygeorgiaplumber.com/
9. Skipperpipes, CPVC pipe application and advantages https://skipperpipes.in/top-6-advantage-and-applications-of-cpvc-pipes/
10. Munotmetalloys, Benefits & disadvantages of copper pipes https://www.munotmetalloys.com/blog/
